The Journal of Cambodian Health (JCH) embraces a broad and inclusive perspective on health, recognizing the significant impact of social, economic, political, and environmental factors on well-being. In line with this holistic approach, JCH actively seeks submissions not only from the health sciences but also from the full spectrum of social sciences and related fields. This interdisciplinary stance reflects our understanding that health outcomes are deeply intertwined with societal structures and dynamics.
Label-Reading Behaviors on Nutritional Health Products Among Medical Students: A Case Study
Introduction: Nutrition labels are an important public health tool that can help consumers make informed dietary and health-product choices. However, evidence on nutrition label-reading behaviours in Cambodia remains limited. Medical students are an important group to study because they are future health professionals and may influence health behaviours through their own practices and future patient education. This study examined label-reading behaviours, nutrition knowledge, and perceived understanding of nutrition information among medical students in Cambodia. Methods: This pilot study used a mixed-methods design. A total of 40 medical students were recruited to complete a structured questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, nutrition knowledge, attitudes toward label reading, and self-reported label-reading behaviours. The questionnaire included multiple-choice questions, short-answer items, and 5-point Likert-scale items. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS and reported as frequencies and percentages. Results: There was the same frequency of both male and female (n=20, 50%). The median age of participants was 21 (Min=18; Max=27). Most participants were non-chronic diseases (n=39; 97.50%), and (n=28; 70%) without consumption of any health-related products. The finding showed that most participants (n=36; 90%) had high exposure to nutrition-related information and strong motivation (n=37; 92.5%) with positive attitudes (n=34; 85%) toward label reading, and dietary supplement use (n=31; 77.5%). Although the majority demonstrated moderate nutritional knowledge (n=27; 67.50%), more than half had low perceived label knowledge (n=22; 55%) that indicated difficulty in understanding nutrition label information. Despite this, a high proportion reported practicing label reading (n=32; 80%) and positive purchasing behaviors (n=31; 77.5%). Overall, the results highlight a gap between participants’ high motivation and information exposure and their limited ability to effectively interpret nutrition labels. Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that medical students have positive attitudes toward nutrition label reading but may have limited ability to interpret nutrition information accurately. Strengthening nutrition education and label literacy may help students make more informed dietary and health-product choices and support future health-promotion roles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Cambodian Health https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Detection of Intestinal Parasites in Stool Samples from Primary School Children in Ratanakiri Province
Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs)​​ remain a significant public health concern worldwide, especially in rural tropical and subtropical areas among school-aged children due to contaminated water, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene practices. In Cambodia, these infections continue to pose challenges in certain areas, yet data on IPI cases remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of IPIs among primary school students in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on January 22, 2025, at a primary school in Ratanakiri province, Cambodia. The target population included 1st and 2nd grade students, typically aged 6-8 years. A total population sampling approach was applied, and fresh stool samples were voluntarily provided by 89 students. All samples were examined on the same day using direct wet mount microscopic stool examination due to its rapid, simple, and cost-effective application for initial screening in field-based, resource-limited settings. Study approval and permission were obtained from school authorities, local administrations, and guardians prior to data collection. Results: Among the 89 stool samples examined, one sample (1.12%) tested positive for Giardia lamblia (2+), while the remaining samples were negative for intestinal parasites. Conclusion: Although the prevalence observed was low, the detection of Giardia lamblia indicates the ongoing threat of IPIs among children in rural Cambodian communities and highlights the continued need for improved sanitation, health education, and surveillance.
Medication Use Review Among Residents Living in Sen Monorum Town, Mondulkiri Province
Introduction: Medication use review (MUR) is a process in which pharmacists discuss medications with patients to improve appropriate medicine use, enhance adherence, and optimize treatment outcomes. However, limited evidence is available regarding medication use review practices in Cambodia, particularly in rural communities. This study aimed to assess medication use patterns and the status of medication use review among residents living in Sen Monorum Town, Mondulkiri province. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study employing convenience sampling was conducted. Participants aged ≥18 years who were currently using medications and voluntarily agreed to participate were interviewed using a structured checklist adapted from Chea et al. (2022). Medication appropriateness was evaluated using Mosby’s Drug Reference for Health Professions (4th Edition), Vidal 2017, Medscape, and WebMD. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in Stata MP Version 17. Results: A total of 281 participants were included, with a mean age of 44.24±14.95 years; 64.41% were female (n=181). The most commonly reported diseases were hypertension (11.03%, n=31), gastritis (5.34%, n=15), headache (2.85%, n=8), and allergy (1.78%, n=5). Commonly used medications included acetaminophen (15.98%, n=66), amlodipine (5.08%, n=21), ibuprofen (2.66%, n=11), and metformin (2.18%, n=9). Medication review identified that 17.51% (n=45) of participants used medications with incorrect dosage, 12.89% (n=33) reported inappropriate administration practices, and 21.57% (n=55) had incorrect duration of medication use. Potential drug interactions were identified in 9.80% (n=24) of participants, while 0.41% (n=1) had two potential drug interactions. Conclusion: Inappropriate medication use remains a public health concern among residents in Sen Monorum Town. Strengthening medication counseling and medication use review services by pharmacists and other healthcare professionals is necessary to improve rational medication use and patient safety in the community.
Phytochemical compound analysis and Antioxidant activity in Piper betle L. Methanolic Extract
Introduction: Piper betle L. (Betel) leaves are type of flowering plant in the family Piperaceae. Betel, known commonly as “Mlue” in Cambodia, has several uses in traditional medicine. High contents of secondary metabolites and essential oils in betel leaves have antioxidant; and antibacterial activities. Methods: The extract was filter dried under vacuum using a rotary evaporator at 30˚C, 150 rmp. Methanol extract of P. betle powder was utilized to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, total flavonoid content (TFC) using aluminum chloride buffer assay and antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Results: The percentage yield of crude extract (CE) was found to be 33.45%. The analysis showed significant levels of phytochemical compounds with TPC (19.99 ± 4.68 mg GAE/g of CE); and TFC (54.47 ± 5.07 mg QE/g of CE); and antioxidant activities via radical scavenging was 0.28 ± 0.9 μg/ml of CE.This results shown that crude had high extraction yield and was rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The extract also exhibited strong radical scavenging activity, suggesting that its antioxidant potential is largely contributable to its phytochemical constituents. Conclusion: This study showed that P. betle contains useful bioactive compound such as TPC and TFC that have a good benefit for further research tests on antioxidant activities and antibacterial activities to develop into pharmaceutical products from natural sources.
Taxonomic Documentation of Plant Voucher Specimens from Yeak Laom Lake, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia
Introduction: A plant voucher specimen is a pressed, mounted sample with collection data used for species verification and long-term study. This project was conducted at Yeak Laom Lake, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. This study aimed to collect 21 selected medical plant species based on their frequent use in local traditional medicine and their availability during the filed survey period to support accurate species identification preserve ethnobotanical knowledge for future pharmacological and conservation research. Methods: Plant specimens were collected through a filed survey at Yeak laom lake, Ratanakiri province, Cambodia, using purposive sampling focused on 21 medicinal plant species identified with guidance from the traditional healer. For each species, data including morphological characteristics, habitat, photographers, and GPS coordinates were record along with ethnobotanical information obtained through consultation with traditional healers. Specimens were processed following standard herbarium procedures including cleaning, pressing, drying, and mounting on herbarium sheets with compete labels. Team members performed specific roles to ensure data accuracy and integration of scientific and traditional knowledge. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic where number of species per family was counted by SPSS. Results: Successfully collected and prepared 21 species that based on traditional medicinal uses and field availability as herbarium voucher specimens. The highest representation was found in Acanthaceae (14.29%) and Apocynaceae (14.29%), each with 3 specimens. Families such as Araceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Fabaceae followed, each contributing 9.52% with 2 specimens. The remaining families Oleaceae, Araliaceae, Asteraceae, Celastraceae, Convallariaceae, Leeaceae, Polypodiaceae, Rosaceae, and Rutaceae, were represented by 1 specimen each, making up 4.76% individually. These findings indicated the taxonomic distribution of medicinal plant species collected from the study area. Conclusion: Herbarium voucher specimens are essential for accurate plant identification, teaching, and long-term preservation. The project highlights the value of Taxonomically verified herbarium voucher specimens of medicinal plant that contributed to biodiversity documents, preservation of traditional knowledge, and future pharmacological research. Expanding voucher specimen work to other provinces in Cambodia will strengthen national biodiversity records.
Prevalence, Medicinal Plant Use and Its Factor Associated Among People in Banlung District, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia
Introduction: Medicinal plants remain widely used in many Cambodian communities, particularly in settings where traditional knowledge, cultural beliefs, affordability, and access to formal healthcare shape treatment choices. Understanding patterns of medicinal plant use is important for pharmacy, public health, and healthcare planning because traditional medicine may influence self-care practices, treatment-seeking behaviour, and medicine safety. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of medicinal plant use and identify associated factors among people in Banlung District, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was employed to determine the prevalence and identify factors associated with the use of herbal medicine in Ratanakiri Province. The sampling methods were selected based on the experience of taking traditional medicine and the ongoing use of the medicine by the population at that site. A structured questionnaire used to collect data through face-to-face interviews. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: Socio-Demographic Data, and Medicinal Plant Use. Descriptive analysis to describe the data and Univariate analysis to determine the factors were associated with using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software program version 26.0. Results: Among 109 respondents, 99.1% reported using medicinal plants. The most commonly reported preparations were mixed herbal remedies (15.6%), followed by Cananga latifolia (6.4%) and Curcuma longa (6.4%). Medicinal plants were most often used for gastritis (20.2%), joint pain (13.8%), childbirth-related conditions (8.3%), and common cold (4.6%). Just over half of respondents (51.4%) reported using medicinal plants only when ill, while 25.8% reported daily use. Significant associations were identified between religion and duration of medicinal plant use, and between gender and herbal-use experience (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Medicinal plant use was highly prevalent among respondents in Banlung District, highlighting the continued importance of traditional medicine in Cambodian community health practices. These findings suggest the need for further research on safety, effectiveness, and potential integration of traditional medicine knowledge with formal healthcare and pharmacy practice.
Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Heliotropium Indicum Trunk
Introduction: Heliotropium indicum (H.indicum) belongs to the Boraginaceae family, which is widely used for ethnobotanical applications as a medicinal plant in Cambodia. H.indicum trunk contains signification bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant activities and it is valued for its potential to treat various such as analgesic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory. The study aims to quantify the bioactive compounds of H. indicum trunk such as total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activities of H.indicum extraction. Methods: The dried trunk 20 mg was transferred to 1% hydrochloric acid to 99% methanol, and it was then ultrasonicated at 30oC for 30 mins. The extract was filtered and evaporated to obtain the crude extract (CE). The TPC was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method, and TFC was determined using the aluminum chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric method, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay (FRAP). CE at concentrations of 50–1000 µg/ml was assessed for antioxidant activity using ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline–6-sulfonic acid)) radicals. Results: The results showed that the methanolic crude extract has TPC 0.67 ± 0.08 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of CE, TFC was 2.83 ± 0.17 mg quercetin equivalent/g of CE and antioxidant activities by FRAP showed 1.66 ± 1.51 mmole FeSO4/g of CE, ABTS radical scavenging activity showed the highest concentration at 1000 µg/ml had 79.41 ± 2.74%. Conclusion: H. indicum trunk have confirmed the presence of notable amounts of bioactive compounds and its significant antioxidant activities to support further exploration of pharmacological effects and as a promising candidate for development into modern formulation of herbal medicines, supplement or functional food ingredients with antioxidant properties.
Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Aegle Marmelos
Introduction: The bael plant (Aegle marmelos) is an aromatic fruit, native to Southeast Asia, known to be a good source of antioxidants and bioactive compounds. It has been used in traditional medicine for generations to treat issues like long-term diarrhea, dysentery, stomach ulcers, and even constipation. This study focused on determining the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of the Aegle marmelos fruit. Methods: A. marmelos’s fresh fruit was dried in the oven and ground into powder. The powder was extracted with ethanol, and ethanol extract of A. marmelos’s powder was then utilized to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Total flavonoid content (TFC) using quercetin and antioxidant activity were screened using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The analysis showed significant levels of phytochemical compounds with TPC (209.89 ± 0.06 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of CE), TFC (17.48 ± 0.04 mg quercetin equivalents/g of CE and antioxidant activity (4.75 ± 1.79 QE/g of CE). Conclusion: This study showed that A. marmelos contains useful phytochemicals with antioxidant activity. These findings suggest it could be a good natural ingredient for making healthier food, traditional medicine, and wellness products in the future.
Sources and Extraction Method Related to Herbal Medicine of People in Banlong District, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia
Introduction: Traditional medicine is one of the main sources of health care in developing and developed countries. Herbal medicines are often used in combination with modern medicines as part of the healthcare system or under professionals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and identify the practices related to the use of herbal medicine among the people in Banlong District, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia because the use of herbal medicine is limited. However, this study is also essential to confirmatory evidence-based healthcare planning and encourage safe use of herbal medicines. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to determine the prevalence and identify practice related herbal medicine use in Ratanakiri Province. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data through face-to-face interviews. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: Socio-Demographic and Practice related to herbal medicine. Descriptive analysis described the data by using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software program version 26.0. Results: The total number of respondents were 109 people and all of them used herbal medicine. Most of the respondents were married (80.7%) and female (69.4%). The majority of participants had just completed primary school and made 450, 000 riels per month, with half of them reporting working as sellers (55%). Regarding experiences with herbal use, the largest proportion had been using medicine for less than one year (41.3%), followed by those with 7-8 years (31.2%). The primary sources about medicinal plants use were neighbors (31.2%) and parents (20.2%). In addition, 21.1% of participants reported using tubers as the plant part of choice. The most common source of obtaining medicinal plants was the local market (46.8%), and boiling was the most frequently used preparation method (60.6%). Conclusion: This study found that females with low income and low education were the crucial ones who reported using herbal medicines, and they mostly relied on informal sources of information. The brief usage period points to a recent herbal increase in interest. It is advised that the community implement the intervention for safe and efficient herbal use by integrating knowledge and practice with evidence-based methods.
Phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activity, and HPLC analysis of Morinda Citrifolia (noni) fruit extract in Cambodia
Introduction: Morinda citrifolia (noni) is a Rubiaceae family evergreen tree that is native to the Pacific Islands and Asia. Secondary compounds in noni are used in supplements, functional foods, and traditional medicines. However, research on the noni fruit in Cambodia remains limited. This study uses HPLC to analyze its phytochemicals, evaluate antioxidant activity, and identify flavonoids. Methods: 100 mg of noni fruits were collected from Battambang and Pursat provinces, Cambodia. The sample was extracted using 1000 mL of methanol containing 10 mL of hydrochloric acid, corresponding to 99% methanol and 1% (v/v) HCl. Total phenolic content (TPC) was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and total flavonoid content (TFC) was measured using an aluminum chloride assay. Antioxidant activity by ferric reducing antioxidant assay (FRAP), and rutin was analyzed using HPLC. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 25. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Our research showed that the Pursat extract had a higher total phenolic content (23.8 ± 2.19 mg GAE/g) than the Battambang extract (17.93 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g). In contrast, the total flavonoid content was significantly higher in the Battambang extract (5.33 ± 0.31 mg QE/g) compared to Pursat (1.11 ± 0.04 mg QE/g). Antioxidant activity using the FRAP assay from Pursat showed (0.34 ± 0.02 mM Fe²⁺/g) and (0.29 ± 0.01 mM Fe²⁺/g) from Battambang. HPLC analysis detected rutin in both extracts, with concentrations of 1.21 mg/g in Pursat being greater than 0.908 mg/g in Battambang. Conclusion: The phytochemical compound and antioxidant activity indicate that the noni from both provinces offer a variety of therapeutic and health benefits, which are potentially utilized for the development of new nutraceuticals for functional pharmaceutical products.
Qualitative Analysis of Sulfite Contamination in Food Sold at a Local Market in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Introduction: Food provides essential nutrients for human health, but certain additives such as sulfites can pose risks when consumed in excess. Sulfites are used to preserve color and prevent microbial growth, yet high levels may cause respiratory distress, skin reactions, or even anaphylaxis. This study examined the presence of sulfite residues in foods sold at a local market, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Methods: Twenty food samples were randomly selected from different stalls at a local market in Phnom Penh, including meatball, dried food, sliced chopped vegetable, traditional Khmer dessert, tofu skin, hot dog, pork pate, water for soaking seafood, pig blood curd, and sausages. Samples were analyzed using lead acetate paper, with sulfite detection indicated by black or brown discoloration following reaction with hydrogen sulfite released from the samples. This method provided qualitative detection of sulfite presence or absence and did not quantify sulfite concentration. Results: Sulfites were present in 25% of the tested samples, including sliced chopped vegetables, bean sprouts, dried fruits, seafood soaking water, and sliced chopped lemongrass. Conclusion: The qualitative detection of sulfites in selected local food samples suggests the need for further quantitative testing to determine sulfite concentrations and assess whether levels exceed acceptable food safety limits.
Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Risk: A Case Study in Ratanakiri, Cambodia
Background: In Cambodia, the prevalence of T2DM has been steadily increasing, particularly in rural and underserved areas where access to preventive healthcare remains limited. According to recent estimates, the number of individuals living with T2DM in Cambodia is projected to rise substantially by 2050, posing significant health and economic challenges. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the 10-year risk of developing T2DM and describe the sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics of adults in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 464 adults in Banlung, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia, using convenience sampling. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric data were collected through face-to-face interviews. The assessment of 10-year risk of developing T2DM uses a point-based system derived from statistical health models to calculate a percentage-based future risk and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Result: The study population consisted predominantly of females (63.7%), with the largest age group being 45–54 years (37%). Most participants had no history of hyperglycemia (80.0%) or family history of T2DM (73.5%). While 59.5% had a normal body mass index, 29.6% were overweight, and more than half reported no regular physical activity. Based on the point-based system assessment, approximately 4% (1 in 25) of participants were estimated to be at risk of developing T2DM within the next 10 years. Conclusion: Approximately 4% of adults in this rural Cambodian population were estimated to be at risk of developing T2DM within the next decade. The observed prevalence of overweight status and physical inactivity among participants may contribute to future diabetes risk. Although the findings are limited by the use of convenience sampling and descriptive analysis, they provide baseline evidence to support targeted health promotion, lifestyle intervention programs, and future analytical studies on T2DM prevention in Cambodia.
Medication Use, Storage, and Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases in Krong Banlung, Cambodia
Introduction: Non-communicable disease (NCDs), particularly hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are a rapidly increasing health burden in Cambodia. With national T2DM prevalence rising steadily, it is projected to pose a severe public health burden by 2050. Data on disease risk and medication use in rural and indigenous groups, particularly in Ratanakiri province, remain scarce due to limited healthcare access. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the risk scores for hypertension and T2DM among residents of Krong Banlung, Ratanakiri, and to evaluate patterns of medication use and storage. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 464 adults in Banlung, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews using a convenience sampling method. NCD risk was categorized using established assessment tools by using the Risk scoring algorithm, and the resulting data were processed electronically and analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel to generate descriptive statistics. Results: Findings showed that 8.7% of participants may develop hypertension within nine years, while 43% already elevated risk. About 4% (1 in 25) are at risk of developing T2DM with the decade. Although these rates are lower than some national averages, they are strongly linked to high BMI and physical inactivity. Common medications include paracetamol, ibuprofen, and antihypertensives like amlodipine. However, improper storage such as in draws or plastic bags at room temperature may reduce drug stability and effectiveness. Conclusion: There is a considerable risk of hypertension and diabetes in this rural population, exacerbated by poor awareness of proper medication use and storage. The predicted NCD risk is closely linked to lifestyle factors such as overweigh status and sedentary behavior. To mitigate these risks, the study recommends community-based health education, culturally tailored counseling, and improved guidelines for medication labeling and storage.
Prevalence and Awareness of Migraine Disorder Among University Students
Introduction: Migraine is a common neurological disorder with substantial health burden worldwide. University students and women are particularly vulnerable. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of migraine and migraine-related knowledge among university students in a Cambodian higher education institution. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 250 university students via online self-administered questionnaire (17 items), using convenience sampling. The questionnaire included demographic items, the Migraine Screening Questionnaire (MS-Q), and items assessing students’ migraine-related knowledge. The questionnaire was reviewed before use, and scoring criteria were applied to classify migraine screening status and knowledge level was conducted between December 2024 and January 2025. Results: Among 250 university students, 72.4% were undergraduate students and 26.0% were female, with a mean age of 22.57 ± 4.59 years. The prevalence of screened migraine was 14.8%. Overall, 40.0% of participants had insufficient migraine-related knowledge, with the greatest gap observed in medication knowledge (55.2%). Inadequate knowledge was significantly associated with migraine prevalence among university students (p = 0.016). Conclusion: This study identified migraine among university students and highlighted substantial gaps in migraine-related knowledge, particularly regarding medication use. These findings suggest the need for targeted educational activities to strengthen migraine awareness and support appropriate self-management among students.
Platforming Local Evidence: Knowledge Translation and the Future of Cambodian Pharmacy Research
This editorial introduces the Special Issue of the Journal of Cambodian Health (Volume 4, Number 2, 2026), dedicated to the 5th Pharmacy Research Conference 2025 and its theme, "Innovative Pharmacy Research: Advancing Therapeutics, Technology, and Health Care."
One Health in Cambodia: Opportunities for Strengthening in 2026 and Beyond
Cambodia has made substantial progress in operationalizing One Health over the past decade, establishing multisectoral coordination mechanisms, prioritizing zoonotic disease risks, strengthening workforce capacity, and aligning national action with global frameworks. At a time when zoonotic threats, antimicrobial resistance, climate change, and food safety challenges are intensifying, while global health financing is becoming more constrained, these gains provide a critical foundation for sustained health security. This commentary draws on publicly available policy documents, national and regional One Health reports, global health governance frameworks and recent Cambodia-specific programme documentation. It uses a health systems governance lens to examine coordination, surveillance, workforce development, financing and environmental integration. It argues that the priority moving forward is not system redesign, but consolidation and institutionalization, with a focus on subnational integration, environmental linkages, and domestic financing. Strengthening these areas will be essential to transforming One Health from a set of successful initiatives into a durable pillar of national health governance and regional leadership.
Geospatial Analysis of Disease Transmission and Genetic Diversity
This commentary discusses key studies to highlight the importance of geospatial analysis with genome sequencing data to provide significant insights into the transmission of infectious disease such as tuberculosis and covid particularly in low-income Southeast Asian countries including Cambodia. It further explores how geographical-based analysis can help to identify issues of imbalance in historical data collection, processing and sharing on public databases, further connecting genetic diversity to geospatial data analysis. In summary, it emphasizes the significance of integrating geospatial analysis with data-driven genetic and genomic studies, to understand disease transmission, and to understand health perspectives in developing nations for better infrastructure, and healthcare outcomes.
From Policy to Practice: Implementing Standard Operating Protocols to Strengthen Maternal and Neonatal Care in a Cambodian Tertiary Hospital
This is the editorial for Volume 4, Issue 1, published in 2026 in the Journal of Cambodian Health.
The Brahmaviharas in Buddhist Philosophy for Health and Clinical Teaching: A Pathway to Mindfulness and Well-being
This commentary examines the relevance of the Brahmaviharas —loving-kindness (Metta), compassion (Karuna), sympathetic joy (Mudita), and equanimity (Upekkha) —within Buddhist philosophy as a culturally grounded framework for wellbeing and emotional resilience in the Cambodian context. Integrated into clinical teaching, these virtues can contribute to better patient outcomes and the future development of health professionals. As mindfulness gains global recognition, particularly in mental health interventions, Cambodia’s cultural and spiritual traditions offer a rich foundation for integrating Buddhist ethical and meditative practices into everyday life and clinical practice. Drawing on historical context and recent research, the authors propose that the Brahmaviharas offer a practical and culturally relevant approach to cultivating emotional resilience, mitigating psychological distress, and promoting inner peace.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Cambodian Health https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
From Practice to Purpose: Embedding Knowledge Translation in Health System Design
The pursuit of universal health coverage (UHC) in Cambodia requires more than expanded access; it demands the ethical, contextual, and sustainable application of knowledge. This commentary argues that knowledge translation (KT), the dynamic process of adapting research into practice, policy, and education, is essential for bridging the “know–do gap” that too often delays life-saving interventions. In low-resource contexts, failure stems not from a lack of capacity, but from the misalignment of global evidence with local realities. Drawing on regional examples from Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and beyond, we illustrate how co-design, cultural safety, and reciprocity can transform evidence into action. We highlight structural barriers, including limited information access, hierarchical professional cultures, and historical distrust, and propose strategies for sustainable KT. This includes localizing evidence, building workforce capacity, fostering equitable partnerships, leveraging digital tools, embedding inquiry, and tailoring communication. By positioning KT as a central pillar of health system strengthening, Cambodia can move from importing solutions to cultivating locally grounded approaches, making UHC both achievable and equitable.
The Importance of Competency-Based Health Education in Cambodia: Perspectives for 2025 and Beyond
Cambodia’s ambition to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) by 2035 demands not only expanded access to care but urgent reforms to ensure service quality and workforce competence. Competency-based education (CBE) offers a transformative framework by shifting from content-driven teaching to measurable mastery of skills essential for patient-centered practice. Without accelerating CBE reforms, Cambodia risks falling short of its UHC 2035 goals, leaving critical gaps in workforce readiness and health equity. This commentary highlights opportunities, challenges, and policy considerations for embedding CBE across health professional education in Cambodia. Drawing on local institutional experiences and linking reforms directly to the UHC roadmap, it argues that ensuring consistent implementation—rather than proposing new frameworks—is the most pressing priority. The analysis offers a timely and distinctive contribution to advancing Cambodia’s health education reforms and securing a competent workforce for the next decade.
Determination and Comparison of Vitamin C Content in Fresh Fruit Juices Using HPLC: A Case Study in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a vital micronutrient for human health, involved in immune system function, carnitine and catecholamine metabolism, iron absorption, and collagen production, which helps hold cells together. This study aims to quantify and compare the vitamin C content in six different fruit samples: carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus), apple (Malus domestica), guava (Psidium guajava L. Meer), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), Pursat orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), and fresh sugarcane juice (Saccharum officinarum) using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). A standard curve was prepared using L-ascorbic acid solutions at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 µg/mL, showing excellent linearity with an R² value of 0.9996. Accuracy was expressed as percent recovery, ranging between 80% and 120%, while the %RSD was below 5%, indicating high precision and reliability of the method. Among the tested samples, guava (Psidium guajava L. Meer) had the highest vitamin C concentration at 88.736 mg/mL, whereas apple (Malus domestica) and carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) showed the lowest levels. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), vitamin C intake at moderate levels ranging from 30 to 180 mg per day, the absorption efficiency of vitamin C is estimated to be between 70% and 90%. These findings highlight guava and Pursat orange as rich dietary sources of vitamin C, supporting their potential role in meeting daily nutritional requirements.
Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon in a 7-month-old Cambodian Infant
Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) is a rare condition associated with vascular tumors such as kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and tufted angioma; it can be life-threatening due to its consumptive coagulopathy. Thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia are characteristic of KMP, and anemia and raised d-dimer levels can also be detected. Here, we report a 7-month-old Cambodian with the condition. The infant was admitted to the National Pediatric Hospital in Phnom Penh because of a mass on the right side of the neck that had been progressively enlarging. The patient had severe thrombocytopenia (8,000/µL), anemia (Hb 7.6g/dL) and reduced fibrinogen level (1.5g/L). CT scan suggested and histopathology of the lesion confirmed a diagnosis of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon was diagnosed, and the infant was treated with platelets and fresh frozen plasma infusions, prednisolone (2mg/kg/day) and propranolol (2.5mg/kg/day). After eight weeks of therapy, platelets raised to 102,000/µL. The infant developed Cushing’s syndrome after 6 months of treatment, and prednisolone was scaled down to a maintenance dose of 0.5mg/kg/day. Fibrinogen levels went back to normal (2.14g/L) after seventeen months of treatment, and the tumor shrunk significantly. This case report shows that a combination of prednisolone and propranolol was effective for the treatment of KMP and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. Timely recognition and treatment of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon is essential.
A Narrative Review on Crusted Scabies: Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Crusted scabies is a rare but severe skin condition that predominantly affects immunocompromised and elderly individuals, with potentially fatal outcomes if untreated. It can also trigger institutional outbreaks, complicating public health responses. Diagnosis can be challenging due to overlapping features with other dermatological conditions. In 2016, crusted scabies was classified as a notifiable disease in Australia’s Northern Territory. This review aims to summarize the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for crusted scabies over a period of 20 years ending in December 2022. A critical literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research4life for studies published between January 2003 and December 2022. Relevant articles in English discussing pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies were reviewed. Crusted scabies is characterized by a Th1-to-Th2 immune shift, leading to hyperkeratosis, extensive scaling, and minimal pruritus. Diagnostic methods include microscopy, dermatoscopy, biopsy, PCR, and serodiagnosis. Treatments involve topical scabicides, keratolytic agents, and oral ivermectin. Standardized protocols for diagnosis and treatment are needed to address variability in current practices. Early diagnosis and timely management are critical to improving patient outcomes and preventing complications, including sepsis and nosocomial outbreaks.
Unveiling scholarly publications in Scopus contributed to the SDGs: A lesson learned from a Cambodian university
This is the editorial for Volume 2, Issue 2, published in 2024 in the Journal of Cambodian Health.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Cambodian Health https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of the Performance of Ornamental Plants for the Removal of Trimethylamine
The study investigated the ability and effectiveness of ornamental plants in purifying indoor air by removing trimethylamine (TMA). To determine the best plant as a TMA removal agent, seven ornamental plant species were selected and placed in sealed fumigation chambers that were exposed to 100 ppm of TMA, and the remaining TMA concentration in their system was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The result showed that all seven ornamental plants effectively uptake TMA within 16 hours. Euphorbia milii had the highest removal efficiency of TMA (97.0%), followed by Spathiphyllum cannifolium (93.5%), Anthurium andraeanum (91.7%), Sanchezia speciosa (91.5%), Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum (90.6%), Ixora chinensis (89.6%), and Asplenium nidus (88.7%). There was no significant correlation between TMA uptake and photosynthesis (Fv/Fm ratio), stomatal density, or crude wax content, suggesting that other physiological factors such as cuticular properties or stress responses may play a role in purifying the TMA. Fatty acids, alkanes, and fatty alcohols in the plant leaf wax were identified and contributed to TMA adsorption. These findings highlight the potential of ornamental plants for the remediation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments as natural indoor air purifiers due to their efficient ability to remove TMA from the air under controlled laboratory conditions, likely through a combination of adsorption, uptake, and possible internal processing.
Determination of formaldehyde in fresh seafood from Cambodia’s local market
Seafood is a rich nutritional food. It provides a healthy source of protein, minerals, and vitamins. To extend shelf life, formalin was added to seafood. Formaldehyde, or formalin, is an organic compound and has been widely used as a preservation food. The concentration of formaldehyde was considered according to food safety and human health. The aim of this study was the identification and determination of formaldehyde in fresh seafood from Cambodia’s local market. The three samples of seafood—shrimp, squid, and short mackerel were analyzed using the UV spectrophotometry technique where the absorbance of formaldehyde was detected at 412 nm. Therefore, squid contains formaldehyde in the range of 3.199-0.164 mg/kg, shrimp 0.174-0.134 mg/kg, and short mackerel 0.168-0.140 mg/kg, following the findings of the formaldehyde investigation. The accuracy was presented as a recovery percentage. It exceeded 95%; that was between 80-120%, which represents good accuracy. In conclusion, the presence of formaldehyde in seafood and other foods should be properly investigated and monitored to detect this harmful chemical.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Introduction to the Journal of Cambodian Health
Welcome to the Journal of Cambodian Health
Copyright (c) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Identification of Alpha-Galactosidase gene in tomato plant
In recent years, Alpha-Galactosidase enzymes have been a growing interest in applying renewable resources for biorefineries; while tomatoes are widely consumed around the world and are the second most economically valuable vegetable. It contains the highest amount of vitamins and minerals of any fruit or vegetable. The project intends to isolate the α-Galactosidase genes from tomato plants, including leaves and seeds. The samples including both tomato leaves and seed were prepared and were extracted RNA respectively by Total RNA Extraction Kit-Mini-Plant. The total RNA elution was checked by the concentration by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. For cDNA synthesis, the isolated RNA was converted into complementary DNA via reverse transcription using TOYOBO Company reagents, and Actin PCR was used as a positive control. As the results, Alpha-Galactosidase is present in germinating of tomato seeds, where it is involved in the mobilization of carbohydrate reserves during and following tomato’s seed germination, while for tomato leaves there is no evidence that illustrates the appearance of α-Galactosidase in tomato leaves. This result is significant for further research aiming for gene overexpression analysis for multiplying the enzyme α-Galactosidase amount for the medical application.
Unhealthy food consumption among women at reproductive age in Cambodia: Analysis of Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2021–2022
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are significant global health issues; we examined the prevalence of unhealthy food consumption and used logistic regression to analyze its association with socio-demographic characteristics using data from the 2021-2022 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS), which included 19,496 women aged 15–49. Overall, 33.0% (95%CI: 31.9–34.2) of women consumed unhealthy foods within 24 hours, 21.1% (95%CI: 20.1–22.1) consumed sweet foods, 18.2% (95%CI: 17.4–19.1) consumed salty foods, 58.3% (95%CI: 57.1–59.5) consumed sweet beverages, and 16.3% (95%CI: 15.3–17.3) consumed alcohol in the last month. Only 1.5% (95%CI: 1.3–1.7) of women smoked cigarettes. Factors associated with increased odds of consuming unhealthy food included aged 15–19 years (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.5–2.1), 20–29 years (AOR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1–1.5), and 30–39 years (AOR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.2–1.5), higher education (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3–2.0), and wealthier households (AOR = 1.1; 95% CI: 0.9–1.2), residing in capital city (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.9–3.1). The study found a high prevalence of unhealthy food consumption among Cambodian women. Younger age, higher education, wealthier households, and residing in the capital city were associated with consuming unhealthy food. Public health interventions should prioritize mitigating the risk of NCDs among Cambodian women by promoting healthier lifestyles.
Unhealthy food consumption, women at reproductive age, CDHS, Cambodia